This question requires candidates to explain the concept of ‘invitation to treat’. Part (a) raises the concept generally while part (b) deals with the related concept of an invitation for tenders.

(a) 
5–7 marks 
A thorough answer explaining the meaning of invitation to treat together with either examples or cases to highlight the explanation.

2–4 marks 
Some general knowledge of the topic, but perhaps lacking in detail or cases/examples in support of the explanation.

0–1 mark 
Little, if any, knowledge of the concept or rules relating to an invitation to treat.

(b) 
2–3 marks 
Good to complete account of tenders, distinguishing between the possible types.

0–1 mark 
Little, if any, knowledge of the topic.