This question requires candidates to explain particular aspects of the concept of causation in relation to the law relating the tort of negligence.

(a) 
2 marks 
A full to definitive answer providing a clear explanation of the meaning of causation.

0–1 mark 
Little, if any, understanding of the meaning or role of causation.

(b) 
3–4 marks 
A full to definitive explanation of the ‘but for’ test. It is very likely that cases will be cited, but examples may be credited as well, where appropriate.

1–2 marks 
Some explanation, but lacking detail.

0 marks 
No understanding whatsoever.

(c) 
3–4 marks 
A full to definitive explanation of the principle of novus actus interveniens. It is very likely that cases will be cited, but examples may be credited as well, where appropriate.

1–2 marks 
Some explanation, but lacking detail.

0 marks 
No understanding whatsoever.